What is an Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, providing essential services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between users and the hardware, ensuring smooth interaction. Without an OS, a computer would be virtually unusable, as it would lack the capability to manage files, run applications, or even connect to networks.

Key Functions of an Operating System

• Process Management: Controls the execution of applications, multitasking, and resource allocation.

• Memory Management: Allocates and monitors RAM usage to ensure efficient operation.

• File System Management: Organises and stores data on storage devices.

• Device Management: Communicates with hardware components such as printers, keyboards, and external drives.

• User Interface: Provides a way for users to interact with the system, either through a Graphical User Interface (GUI) or Command Line Interface (CLI).

• Security & Access Control: Protects user data through authentication, encryption, and permission settings.

  

  
  

Top 10 Operating Systems for Portable Computing Devices

Rank	Operating System	Description
1	Windows	A widely used OS for laptops and desktops, developed by Microsoft. It supports a vast range of software applications and is user-friendly.
2	macOS	Apple’s operating system for Mac computers, known for its sleek interface, robust security, and seamless integration with other Apple products.
3	Linux	An open-source OS that provides flexibility and security. It is widely used for servers and preferred by developers and IT professionals.
4	Android	A Linux-based mobile OS developed by Google, dominating the smartphone market with extensive customisation options.
5	iOS	Apple’s proprietary mobile OS, known for its security, efficiency, and exclusive ecosystem.
6	Chrome OS	A lightweight OS developed by Google for Chromebooks, designed for cloud computing and web applications.
7	Ubuntu	A popular Linux distribution offering a user-friendly experience with strong community support, often used in laptops and servers.
8	Fedora	A Linux distribution favoured by developers, featuring cutting-edge technology and a strong security framework.
9	HarmonyOS	Huawei’s operating system, designed for seamless cross-device interaction, including smartphones, tablets, and IoT devices.
10	Tizen	A Linux-based OS developed by Samsung, mainly used in smartwatches, smart TVs, and some mobile devices.

Security Features of Popular Operating Systems

Windows

• Windows Defender Antivirus provides real-time protection.

• BitLocker encryption secures data on storage drives.

• User Account Control (UAC) prevents unauthorised system changes.

• Regular security updates to patch vulnerabilities.

macOS

• Gatekeeper restricts app installation from unverified sources.

• FileVault provides full-disk encryption for user security.

• XProtect, a built-in malware detection system, scans downloads.

• Strong privacy controls to limit app permissions.

Linux

• SELinux and AppArmor enforce security policies.

• Strong access control with root user restrictions.

• Open-source nature allows for rapid vulnerability patching.

• Firewall configurations can be customised for enhanced security.

Android

• Google Play Protect scans apps for malware.

• Sandboxing isolates apps to prevent security breaches.

• Biometric authentication for enhanced user security.

• Regular security patches, though updates depend on device manufacturers.

iOS

• App sandboxing ensures strict isolation between applications.

• End-to-end encryption secures messaging and FaceTime calls.

• Secure Enclave stores sensitive biometric data.

• Regular updates provide timely security fixes.

User Case Recommendations for Different Operating Systems

Windows: Best for professionals, gamers, and business users who require compatibility with a wide range of software.

macOS: Ideal for creative professionals such as designers and video editors due to optimised hardware-software integration.

Linux: Perfect for developers, IT professionals, and those looking for a secure and customisable OS.

Android: Best for users who want flexibility, customisation, and a wide range of device choices.

iOS: Suitable for users who prioritise security, seamless ecosystem integration, and long-term software support.

Chrome OS: Recommended for students and users who primarily rely on web-based applications and cloud storage.

Top 3 Mobile Operating Systems: Pros & Cons

1. Android

Pros:

• Highly customisable with a variety of skins and themes.

• Extensive app availability via Google Play Store.

• Wide range of hardware options from budget to flagship models.

Cons:

• Fragmentation due to different manufacturers and custom OS versions.

• Security vulnerabilities due to open-source nature.

• Some devices receive delayed OS updates.

2. iOS

Pros:

• Excellent security and privacy measures.

• Optimised hardware-software integration for smooth performance.

• Regular and timely software updates across all compatible devices.

Cons:

• Limited customisation options.

• Restricted file management compared to Android.

• Expensive hardware compared to competitors.

3. HarmonyOS

Pros:

• Designed for seamless cross-device integration.

• Energy-efficient and smooth performance.

• Growing ecosystem of apps and services.

Cons:

• Limited app availability compared to Android and iOS.

• Heavily dependent on Huawei’s hardware.

• Less global adoption and support.

Final Thoughts

The choice of an OS depends on user needs, whether it be flexibility, security, or seamless integration with other devices. Windows and macOS dominate the laptop and desktop space, while Android and iOS lead in mobile computing. With evolving technology, new operating systems like HarmonyOS and Tizen are carving their niches, offering alternative solutions to existing ecosystems.